Ms Mansi Singh

The introduction of Applied Mathematics (Subject Code 241) by the central Board of Secondary Education(CBSE) in 2020 marked a paradigm shift toward competency-based learning, as envisioned by National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Designed to provide practical mathematical tools for Commerce and Humanities students, the subject promised a departure from theoretical rigor toward real-world utility. However, five years post-implementation, the curriculum faces a "credibility crisis." This paper critically analyses the systemic resource gaps, specifically the absence of standardized National Council of Educational Research and Training(NCERT) textbooks and the consequent over-reliance on private publishers. Furthermore, it examines the 2026 Class XII Board Examination as a case study for assessment discrepancies, where "out-of-syllabus" content and technical errors (such as missing Poisson distribution constants) led to significant student distress. By evaluating the "Institutional Transition Cost" (ITC) and pedagogical fatigue among educators, this study highlights the growing chasm between curriculum intent and classroom reality. The paper concludes with a call for urgent regulatory intervention, standardized resources, and transparent moderation policies to restore the integrity of the Applied Mathematics stream.

Dr.P.V. Nandhini

The present paper discusses the effect of the use of screen time on cognitive and emotional results in adolescents with the sample size of 125 respondents. The study is intended to comprehend the effects of demographic and cognitive abilities on emotional well-being under the condition of growing digital exposure. The structured questionnaire was used to gather data and was analyzed in terms of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The results show that cognitive skill is positively related to emotional outcomes in a significant way meaning that, the greater the cognitive engagement, the greater the emotional well-being. In contrast, demographic variables such as age and gender do not show a significant influence on emotional outcomes. The regression analysis also proves that cognitive skill is the most significant predictor, and explains moderate percentage of variance in levels of emotions. The paper points out the influence of the screen time is more about quality and the purpose than the time. Positive and constructive screen use can be used to boost cognitive development and consequently, emotional well being in adolescents. The results highlight the necessity of a moderate and attentive attitude towards screen time, as well as the proper parental and educational guidance. The research is an addition to the existing literature on digital behavior and development and provides practical implication on how to encourage healthy screen-based behaviors.   

Dr. Maddu Galaiah, Dr. K. Srivalli

The institution of Panchayati Raj is not new to India. In the   Vedic age panchayats are considered as an administrative unit. British administrators taken number of initiatives for the strengthening of panhayats in India.  After Independence, Centre and State Governments have appointed a number of committees and commissions for development of panchayati raj. They gave number of recommendations for effective functioning of Panchayati Raj India. However, the governments failed pachayats as institutions of self-governing institutions. The Constitutional 73rd Amendment Act is significant landmark in the history of panchayati raj in India. Pachayats got constitutional status through this Act. Special Panchayats extension Acts are constituted for development of scheduled areas in various states in the lines of 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. These two Acts are also failed in empowering panchayati raj institutions due to negligence of state governments and lack of awareness among the representative and people on the Panchayat Act. In this context, this paper analyses the historical trends of panchayati raj institutions in India, discuss the reasons for failures and make suggestions for effective implementation of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India. 

Sayak Chakraborty, Ayush Saraf, Gunjan Kumari & Rumki Mondal

In recent years, the use of digital technologies has become essential for improving financial systems and public accountability. Blockchain, a secure and transparent digital ledger, offers great potential to transform accounting and financial governance in India. This paper explores how blockchain-based digital accounting can help create a more reliable, tamper-proof, and transparent financial environment. It discusses how such systems can reduce fraud, enhance efficiency, and promote public trust in both government and corporate sectors. The study also looks at how blockchain can support India’s vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 by ensuring openness and accuracy in financial reporting. The paper will use examples from current digital initiatives and analyse their practical impact on accounting practices. The findings aim to show how blockchain technology can strengthen good governance and contribute to sustainable economic growth in the coming decades.  

Pallavi Bhende, Kshitij Thate , Er.Avi Nagpure , Yuvraj T. Majgahe

Earthquake-induced lateral forces significantly influence the stability and safety of reinforced concrete residential buildings, particularly in moderate to high seismic zones. Among various lateral load-resisting systems, shear walls are widely recognized for their ability to enhance structural stiffness and reduce deformation during seismic events. This study presents a comparative evaluation of the seismic performance of a G+5 reinforced concrete residential building modeled with and without shear walls. The analysis is carried out using advanced structural software tools, namely . and STAAD Pro, in accordance with the provisions of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 and IS 456:2000.Two three-dimensional models with identical geometric and material properties are developed. Model I represents a conventional moment-resisting frame structure without shear walls, while Model II incorporates reinforced concrete shear walls placed at strategically selected locations. Seismic analysis is performed using both the Equivalent Static Method and the Response Spectrum Method. Key performance parameters such as storey displacement, storey drift, base shear, and fundamental time period are extracted and compared.The results demonstrate a significant reduction in lateral displacement and inter-storey drift in the structure provided with shear walls, indicating enhanced stiffness and improved seismic resistance. The comparative assessment also verifies the consistency of analytical outcomes obtained from both software platforms. The findings of this study highlight the importance of incorporating shear walls in mid-rise residential buildings located in earthquake-prone regions and provide practical guidance for structural engineers in achieving safe and code- compliant designs.  

Dr. Aishwarya and Dr. Aarti Jeenwal

Background: Oocyte quality is often compromised by mitochondrial insufficiency and oxidative stress. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) serves as a vital electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, potentially reversing age-related and oxidative decline in reproductive cells. Methods: A prospective comparative interventional study was executed at ABVIMS and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi (April 2023–March 2024). Forty participants with primary infertility were bifurcated into an intervention group (n=20), receiving 600 mg of CoQ10 daily for 90 days, and a control group (n=20). Results: The CoQ10 cohort exhibited statistically significant improvements in ovulation regularity and higher cumulative conception rates compared to the control group. Conclusion: Supplemental CoQ10 may serve as a potent adjunct therapy for enhancing oocyte competence and pregnancy outcomes.   

Dr. Varun Chauhan and Dr. Virendra Soni

Background: Despite technical refinements in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), infectious complications continue to pose a significant clinical challenge.Aim: To evaluate the incidence and identify independent predictors of postoperative infection following RIRS. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 100 patients treated between April 2025 and March 2026. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors.Results: The overall infection rate was 16%. Significant predictors included positive preoperative urine culture (p=0.004), diabetes mellitus (p=0.03), and operative duration exceeding 60 minutes (p=0.02). Most complications were Clavien-Dindo Grade II. Conclusion: Preoperative bacteriuria and prolonged operative time are critical modifiable risk factors. Optimization of metabolic status and minimizing procedural duration are essential for risk mitigation.  

Dr. Aishwarya and Dr. Aarti Jeenwal

Background: Infertility is a significant reproductive health concern with varying etiologies in primary and secondary infertility. Understanding differences in patient profiles aids targeted management. Objective: To compare prevalence, demographic characteristics, and etiological factors between primary and secondary female infertility. Methods: A retrospective comparative study was conducted over 2 years (June 2022–May 2024) including 60 women (30 primary infertility, 30 secondary infertility). Data regarding age, BMI, duration of infertility, and etiology were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test with p <0.05 considered significant. Results: Primary infertility constituted 50% and secondary infertility 50% of cases. PCOS was the most common cause in primary infertility (40%), while tubal factors (36.7%) dominated in secondary infertility. Significant differences were observed in etiology distribution (p <0.05). Conclusion: Etiological patterns differ significantly between primary and secondary infertility, emphasizing the need for individualized diagnostic approaches.  

Arka Datta

Alessondro Falassi’s exploration of festivals highlights the cultural significance, dramatic intensity, and deep historical roots of the festivals.They serve as platforms for communities to affirm social, religious, ethnic, and historical bonds, preserving cultural identities and lifestyles.The Raas Festival, celebrated on Raas Purnima, honours the divine love of Lord Krishna and Radha. It symbolizes the union of the soul with the Supreme Being and is significant among Vaishnavas and Hindus. In Khanakul, West Bengal, the Dule and Bagdi communities, belonging to Scheduled Castes, organize their own Raas Festival due to exclusion from upper-caste temple celebrations.The Raas Festival also illustrates complex power dynamics. While Brahmanical hegemony exercised oppressive, top-down power excluding lower castes, the Dule and Bagdi communities actively resisted by creating their own cultural space. This aligns with Foucault’s concept of power as relational and productive rather than merely repressive.  

V. Kranthi Kumari, K. Laxmikantham, P. Srikanth Babu

Pakshaghata, described under Vatavyadhi in Ayurveda, is a debilitating neurological condition characterized by unilateral loss of motor and sensory functions. It closely correlates with Stroke in contemporary medicine, a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. The condition arises predominantly due to aggravated Vata Dosha affecting Snayu (ligaments), Sira (vascular channels) and Mamsa (muscle tissue), often associated with Dhatukshaya (tissue depletion) and Margavarana (obstruction of pathways).Case Presentation and Intervention: A 65-year-old male presented with sudden onset weakness of the left side of the body, speech was mildly impaired characterized by intermittent slurring and reduced clarity of articulation and with mild facial deviation following an ischemic stroke confirmed by neuroimaging at a tertiary care centre. The patient reported difficulty in walking, impaired hand coordination and dependence on support for daily activities. He underwent comprehensive Ayurvedic management comprising Shamana Chikitsa for 30 days and Panchakarma Chikitsa for 21 days. The treatment protocol included Abhyanga with medicated oils, Swe dana, Shirodhara, Matra Vasti and Nasya. Internal medications such as Ashwagandha, Bala and Yoga raja Guggulu were administered to pacify Vata, enhance neuromuscular strength and promote tissue nourishment. Results: Post-intervention assessment revealed significant functional improvement. Muscle power improved from 2/5 to 4/5 in the affected upper limb and from 3/5 to 4+/5 in the lower limb. Speech clarity improved markedly and facial asymmetry was reduced. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores improved from 42 to 102 and NIHSS from 15 to 4, indicating enhanced independence in activities of daily living. The patient demonstrated improved gait stability, better coordination and reduced reliance on external assistance. Conclusion: This case highlights the potential of Ayurvedic interventions as an effective supportive approach in the management of Pakshaghata (stroke). The combined application of Panchakarma and Shamana therapies helped in Vata pacification, neuromuscular rehabilitation and overall functional recovery, thereby improving quality of life.  

Rajendra Singh

Employment is a meaningful and purposeful activity that offers individuals a sense of identity, social inclusion, and personal fulfilment In India, for persons living with severe and persistent mental illnesses, gainful employment is strongly linked to personal recovery, improved quality of life, enhanced social integration, and reduced dependence on mental health services. Vocational rehabilitation, therefore, plays a critical role in facilitating these outcomes by addressing barriers to employment, providing skill development, and offering ongoing support. Despite its demonstrated benefits, access to structured vocational programs remains limited in the Indian context, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and policy support to promote sustainable employment among this population, individuals with mental illness remain significantly underrepresented in India’s labour market due to stigma, discrimination, and limited access to supportive services. Sustaining employment is particularly challenging in India because of multiple personal, organizational, and systemic barriers, including low mental health awareness, inadequate workplace accommodations, and gaps in rehabilitation services. The Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model, though internationally recognized as an evidence-based approach for improving employment outcomes, is still emerging in India and faces challenges related to implementation and long-term job retention. The findings suggest that adjunct interventions, including skills training, cognitive remediation, and psychological support, contribute to improved job retention among individuals with severe mental illness., and supported education can enhance job retention. In the Indian context, community-based rehabilitation, family involvement, and peer support play a crucial role due to strong social networks. Additionally, emerging approaches such as employment specialist services, use of digital technology, self-management strategies, and workplace accommodations show promise in improving job tenure. Overall, there is a need for greater integration of non-clinical, community-based, and culturally relevant vocational interventions within India’s mental health system to promote sustainable employment and long-term workforce participation among persons with severe mental illness.  

Amlan Datta

The 1947 Partition is a cataclysmic event that affects the social, political and cultural life of the Indian subcontinent till today. It saw massive transfers of population both in the eastern and western parts of India accompanied with innumerable violent deaths, murders, rapes, abduction of women and sectarian violence. But the Partition experience in Bengal province is quite different from that of the Punjab. The influx of refugees across the porous border of Bengal has never stopped till date. This unending flow of people makes Partition an everyday reality on the eastern border. The portrayal of this human tragedy in literature largely tells us of the experiences in the western and eastern parts (mainly West Bengal) of India. There is little light shed on the Partition narratives from Bangladesh, which is quite different from rest of the Partition stories, in Partition studies. This paper tries to examine the varied narratives of the select Partition stories from Bangladesh. The horrific reality of the Partition experienced in riots, arson, looting, murder and in the hairbreadth escape is evident in the stories. The tales also explore the sense of loss, separation, nostalgia and belonging accompanied by the issues of migration, displacement and identity. This endeavour will show that the hitherto unexplored area of Partition stories from Bangladesh can open up new horizons in literature for the in-depth understanding of human society. It can articulate the little narratives against the grand and the unofficial histories against the official.  

Dr. T. Sumadhi

Mental health challenges have significantly increased due to modern lifestyles and high stress levels. This paper presents Neuro Balance Net; a novel deep learning-based framework designed for automated stress detection and personalized yoga-based intervention recommendation. The system integrates multimodal data sources including physiological (ECG, EDA, PPG), behavioral (voice, facial expression), and contextual (text, environment) inputs. Using CNN-LSTM and Transformer-based architectures, NeuroBalanceNet identifies real-time stress patterns with high accuracy and recommends adaptive yoga interventions using rule-based and machine learning-driven mappings. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms traditional ML approaches such as SVM, Random Forest, and XG Boost in precision, recall, and overall F1-score. The model supports explainability through SHAP and saliency visualization, ensuring transparency and user trust. The integration of AI-driven stress analytics with personalized yoga guidance represents a holistic approach to mental well-being.    

Dr. Shivani Shah, Ms shubhlakshmi Mishra, Dr. Swati Modi

Purpose- The rapid growth of digital technologies has significantly transformed marketing practices, with social media emerging as a powerful tool for influencing consumer behaviour. This study examines the role of social media content in shaping consumer engagement and purchase intentions in the cosmetics market. The research focuses on understanding how demographic factors such as age and educational qualification relate to social media engagement and purchasing decisions, as well as evaluating the impact of different types of social media content on consumer behaviour. Methodology- A descriptive research design was adopted, and primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 144 respondents using a convenience sampling method. The data were analysed using statistical tools such as descriptive statistics and ANOVA to examine relationships between variables. Findings-The findings reveal that social media platforms, particularly Instagram, play a dominant role in influencing consumer engagement and purchase decisions. A majority of respondents actively engage with cosmetic-related content and perceive social media as an essential medium for brand communication. The study also highlights that product reviews, influencer endorsements, and user-generated content significantly impact consumer purchase intentions. However, the results indicate no significant differences across demographic variables such as age and educational qualification in influencing engagement and purchasing behaviour. Overall, the study concludes that social media content is a crucial determinant of consumer engagement and purchase decisions in the cosmetics industry. The research emphasizes the importance for marketers to focus on authentic, interactive, and visually appealing content to effectively connect with consumers and enhance brand value.  

Asmuda Khatun

This study explores the role of proxy warfare in shaping the strategic rivalry between Iran and Israel and its implications for regional security dynamics in the Middle East. In contrast to conventional interstate warfare, both states increasingly rely on indirect strategies involving non-state actors to advance their geopolitical objectives while avoiding the risks of direct military confrontation. Iran has developed an extensive network of proxy groups, most notably Hezbollah and Hamas, which function as key instruments of its regional strategy. In response, Israel employs a combination of military, intelligence, and deterrence-based approaches to counter Iranian influence. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from realism, proxy war theory, and the security dilemma, this paper argues that proxy warfare constitutes the primary mechanism through which both states conduct their strategic rivalry. While this indirect form of conflict enables both actors to manage escalation and reduce the costs of direct engagement, it simultaneously contributes to persistent instability and complex security challenges across the Middle East.  

Dr. A. Sajitha Qadir, Sharon Ghetsy. A, Zahida Jabeen

The present study examined the influence of home environment on the physical and mental health care of pregnant women. A sample of 120 pregnant women was selected through random sampling from Urban Primary Health Centres, comprising 60 women below 25 years and 60 above 25 years. Each age group included 30 pregnant women in their first pregnancy and 30 in their subsequent pregnancies. The tools employed were the Home Environment Questionnaire for Pregnant Women and the Physical and Mental Health Care Inventory for Pregnant Women, both developed by the investigator (2025). A pilot study was conducted to ensure feasibility, and the tools were tested for validity and reliability. Statistical analysis included mean, standard deviation, t-test, and Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation.The findings revealed no significant differences in home environment and physical and mental health care based on age and pregnancy status, except among women above 25 years, where those in subsequent pregnancies reported better home environment. A significant relationship was found between home environment and physical and mental health care, except among women below 25 years in their first pregnancy and women above 25 years in their subsequent pregnancies.  

Yuttasha Nehra, Monojit Majhi

Paediatric diarrhea, which ranks second in terms of epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, management, and prevention in children, continues to be a serious worldwide health concern. extending dangers to children between the ages of five and nine. Ten to twenty percent of infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are caused by bacterial diseases such as Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp (non-typhoidal). With an emphasis on comparative perspectives, this review summarizes recent research (2020–2025) on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, hazards, management, and prevention of this illness in children under the age of 10. Salmonella spp. causes watery diarrhea with systemic hazards, but Shigella spp. is more commonly associated with dysentery-like presentations. Due to dehydration, malnutrition, and growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), these pose serious risks. Global incidence trends indicate a reduction, although these regions continue to be hotspots in Africa and Asia. Salmonella spp. causes secretory diarrhea with the possibility of bacteraemia, while Shigella spp. causes dysentery and colitis by producing Shiga toxins. The main risks include mortality (~81,000 under-5 deaths annually from Shigella spp..; ~50,000 from Salmonella spp.), complications such as haemolytic-uremic syndrome (Shigella spp.) or sepsis (Salmonella spp.), and long-term effects like growth stunting and cognitive impairments, which are more severe in children who are malnourished or HIV+. Rehydration and targeted antibiotics are key components of management; however, MDR strains (up to 80%) make treatment more difficult. To reduce mortality in vulnerable groups under ten years old, prevention through WASH, hygiene, food safety, and new vaccinations (such as trials for Shigella spp. and control of Salmonella spp. via animal research) is essential. 

Sreelatha Thallapally

Black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is a very significant pulse crop that is produced a lot in South Asia. It is valued for its high protein content, essential amino acids, and health benefits. Black gram output is still low, even though it is important for food and nutrition security. This is because it is sensitive to biotic and abiotic stresses, there isn't much genetic variability, and conventional breeding methods have their own problems. The tissue culture technique has become a practical biotechnological approach for overcoming these limitations and accelerating crop growth. Cotyledonary nodes, shoot tips, hypocotyls, and cotyledons have been successfully utilised to establish in vitro regeneration systems for black gram. Cotyledonary node explants have exhibited significant regeneration potential when cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media enriched with suitable concentrations of cytokinin’s, including 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin, frequently in conjunction with auxins such as naphthalene acetic acid. These regeneration methods are great for micropropagation, genetic transformation, and quickly multiplying the best genotypes. Tissue culture techniques may also assist create superior cultivars that can better handle biotic stresses like virus infections and insect pests, as well as abiotic stresses like drought and salt. Also, methods based on tissue culture make it possible to save germplasm and create soma clonal variation, which may subsequently be utilised to choose superior plant lines with better nutritional and agronomic qualities. Using tissue culture, contemporary molecular breeding methods, and genome editing technology together provides a lot of potential for making black gram varieties that yield a lot, can handle stress, and are better for you. Consequently, tissue culture techniques are essential elements of contemporary crop improvement programs, significantly enhancing sustainable agriculture and food security.  

Dr. Bindu T

Brand experience is conceptualized as sensations, feelings, cognitions, and behavioural responses evoked by brand-related stimuli that are part of a brand's design and identity packaging, communications, and environments. When a customer has positive experience with a particular brand, he is positively satisfied with the brand and to a great extent customer satisfaction leads to Brand Loyalty. Also, a good Brand Experience could make a customer loyal to that particular brand, so that could also be interpreted as Brand Experience directly leads to Brand Loyalty. To get an in-depth information on the study of Brand Experience, Customer Satisfaction and Brand Loyalty, also how they affect each other, the best way would be study them with some particular brands. The main object of this study is to study the relationship between brand experience and customer loyalty.  For collecting primary data questionnaire is used to collect samples of 120 consumers were selected through purposive sampling. Hence to ascertain the above-mentioned relationship between Brand Experience, Customer Satisfaction and Brand Loyalty and also to conduct a comparative study the Fast Track brand of watches was used. Fast Track is brand well accepted by the youth coming from the house of Titan. Since the study has included majority of young users the brand that would connect with this population would be Fast Track watches, hence that have been taken into the study in order to get a better picture in the context of the study. It can also be noted that watches are products which are very personal in nature and lead to experience in the user. The study arrived at the conclusion that Brand Experience affects Brand Loyalty to a large extent directly as well as through a mediating effect of Customer Satisfaction between them.  

N. Amirtha Gowri, Dr. R. Nandhakumar

Sustainable agricultural productivity requires intelligent decision-making systems capable of handling complex interactions among crops, resources, and environmental conditions. Multi cropping systems, though beneficial for yield stability and risk reduction, present significant optimization challenges due to high-dimensional and nonlinear relationships. This paper proposes a Neuro-Evo Swarm Optimizer (NESO), a hybrid optimization framework that integrates Deep Learning (DL), Genetic Algorithms (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for optimal multi cropping strategy selection under varying irrigation conditions. Deep learning models capture complex yield–resource relationships, GA explores diverse crop combinations, and PSO fine-tunes solutions toward global optima. Experimental results demonstrate that NESO outperforms standalone and pairwise hybrid models in terms of yield maximization, water-use efficiency, and convergence speed.  

Vignesh R and Dr X Mary Genila

The review paper explores the ways in which the politics of Dravidianism in Tamil Nadu has transformed the relationship between caste, development, political communication, and urbanization from the mid-twentieth century to the contemporary digital age. Through the use of literature pertaining to the politics of the Dravidian parties, the world of Tamil cinema, caste-based politics, and welfare-based development, the review argues that the “Dravidian model” of development in Tamil Nadu, which combines identity-based politics and welfare-based development, has led to a more inclusive model of human development and a dispersed model of urbanisation that is spread out across the state and is not restricted to a single metropolitan centre. It demonstrates how cinema, and later television and digital media, serve as a key site of political communication that helps to embed the ideology of Dravidianism, normalise populist welfare, and create a new Tamil identity, while also creating new forms of fragmentation and division based on caste, gender, and region. It also explores the economic impact of caste-based politics and mobilisation on issues of social exclusion, poverty alleviation, and employment, and how this has led to a new kind of empowerment through reservations and welfare, but also to a new kind of discrimination and patronage. Lastly, the review argues that contemporary trends such as the rise of Hindu nationalist politics, the use of digital media in political communication, and the aspirations of youth and the urban electorate represent a new challenge to the sustainability and adaptability of the Dravidian model of development and its capacity to deliver a new kind of social justice and deepened democracy.  

Dr. Manoj Kumar Saurabh

Inclusive excellence integrates diversity, equity, and inclusion with institutional performance in higher education. Faculty recruitment in medical colleges significantly influences educational quality, research productivity, and health system outcomes. Diverse faculty improve cultural competence in medical training and help address disparities in patient care [1,2]. However, representation gaps persist in academic medicine globally due to structural barriers in recruitment systems, implicit bias, and unequal educational opportunities [3]. This literature review examines inclusive excellence in faculty hiring across government medical colleges, private institutions, and institutes of national importance. Special emphasis is placed on the regulatory environment in India, including policies of the National Medical Commission (NMC) governing faculty recruitment and qualifications. Evidence from international and Indian literature suggests that transparent recruitment procedures, holistic candidate review, and mentorship pipelines are essential for improving faculty diversity and academic excellence [4,5]. The review concludes that inclusive hiring is not only an ethical imperative but also a strategi?c approach to strengthening medical education systems.  

Prasenjit Mukherjee

The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) outlines a radical transformation of India's education system, emphasizing not only academic knowledge but also the development of students' moral and constitutional values. The primary objective of this research paper is to analyse the role of NEP 2020 in promoting human rights awareness from the grassroots level to higher education in India. This study identifies that the policy integrates fundamental human rights concepts- justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity directly into the pedagogical framework. The goal is to cultivate a rights-aware future generation by instilling empathy, social responsibility, and an understanding of gender equality in children from the primary level.  Furthermore, the policy's commitment to inclusive education and special provisions for socio-economically disadvantaged groups (SEDGs) is a cornerstone in ensuring the right to education for all. This analytical study demonstrates that NEP 2020 aims to move beyond theoretical discussions and cultivate human rights as a way of life. However, its successful implementation depends on teacher training and infrastructural development.  Finally, this research evaluates the importance of human rights education and the effectiveness of this policy in strengthening India's democratic framework.  

Saritha D, Akhila Rupesh, Jency Lal

Freshwater rivers play a vital role in meeting domestic, agricultural, and ecological demands. Continuous monitoring of river water quality is essential to ensure public health and sustainable water resource management. The present study evaluates the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the Kadayal River water, Tamil Nadu, India, to assess its suitability for drinking purposes. A single water sample was collected and analyzed following standard procedures prescribed by IS 3025 and APHA methods. Parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, major ions, nutrients, trace metals, turbidity, and microbial indicators were examined. The results were compared with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) drinking water limits. Most parameters were found to be well within permissible limits, indicating good water quality. Microbiological analysis confirmed the absence of total coliforms and E. coli, signifying minimal contamination. Microplastic analysis revealed a low abundance of predominantly fiber-shaped particles, suggesting limited anthropogenic influence at the sampling location. The study concludes that Kadayal River water at the sampling location is suitable for drinking after conventional treatment and highlights the importance of periodic monitoring to safeguard water quality.

Mayank Garg

Education: From the earliest times, learning was considered sacred and was closely connected with moral values, social responsibility, and spiritual growth. The educational systems of Ancient and Medieval India developed according to changing social, political, and cultural conditions, yet they retained a strong emphasis on knowledge, discipline, and character formation. A study of education during these periods helps us understand the intellectual foundations of Indian society and its long-standing respect for learning. In ancient India, education was deeply linked with religion and philosophy. Knowledge was transmitted mainly through oral traditions under the guidance of a teacher or guru. During the medieval period, the coming of Islamic rule introduced new institutions such as maktabs and madrasas, along with new languages and curricula. Despite differences, both systems contributed significantly to India’s intellectual heritage and influenced later developments in education.   

Mr. Ajay Jyotiram Kawar, Mrs Sarika Pramod Satpute, Mrs. Ashwini Amol Patil

Background: - As per the WHO statistics (2019) an estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. In 2015, 1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women had hypertension. Fewer than 1 in 5 people with hypertension have the problem under control. Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 25% by 2025. Problem statement: “Effectiveness of Foot Reflexology on Blood Pressure Among Hypertensive Patients at Tertiary Care Hospital, Karad”. Objectives:  To assess the blood pressure among the hypertensive. Methods: A quantitative approach was used to conduct among 60 patients which were selected by simple random sampling technique. 30 samples were allotted in Experimental group and 30 in control group at Medicine ward and ICU in Krishna Hospital, karad. The experimental group received Foot Reflexology Once a day for Five Days and each session lasted for 20 minutes where control group followed hospital routine management. The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Pretest the mean and SD of SBP was 164±16.30 in the experimental group and 164.87±16.97 in the control group. Pretest the mean and SD of DBP was 100.73±6.46 in the experimental group and 101.53±7.68 in the control group. Among the Experimental group in the pretest, the Mean and SD of SBP was 164±16.30 and DBP was 100.73±6.46. In post-test, the Mean and SD of SBP was 155.47±15.96 and that of 101.53±7.68. The test of Significance was calculated using paired “t” test. The calculated “t” value for SBP was 2.116(P=0.0430). And that of DBP was 2.305(p=0.285) were greater than the table value. It showed that Foot Reflexology was effective in reducing the high blood pressure among the patients with hypertension. The Mean post-test value of SBP was 155.47±15.96 in the experimental group and 154.2±10.35 in the control group. The Mean post-test value of DBP was 96.33±8.26 in the experimental group and 92.67±5.10 in the control group. The calculated paired “t” value for SBP is 2.305 in the experimental group. And DBP was 5.972in the control group. These values were greater than the table value. It showed that Foot Reflexology was effective in controlling the Blood Pressure among the patients with Hypertension. ix Among the experimental group, in pre-test, the Mean and SD of Headache were 4.67±1.97 and in the post-test the mean and SD of Headache were 2.27±2.13. The test of significance was calculated using paired “t” test. The calculated “t” value for Headache was 4.079(P=0.003) were greater than table value. It showed that Foot Reflexology was effective in reducing Headache among hypertensive patients. Among the experimental group, in the pre-test, the Mean and SD of fatigue were 28.77±5.41 and in post-test the Mean and SD of Fatigue were 27.7±6.79. The test of significance was calculated using paired “t” test. The calculated “t” value is 4.013(p=0.004). It showed that Foot Reflexology was effective in reducing the level of fatigue among Hypertensive patients. Conclusion: Reflexology helps overall circulation in the body and it helps to reduce the blood pressure. Hypertension is one of the conditions purported to be improved by complementary therapies such as Foot Reflexology. The investigator conducted studyto determine the effectiveness of Foot Reflexology on Blood pressure, Headache and Fatigue in Hypertensive patients in tertiary care hospital, karad.  

Anamika Yadav

This report examines the administrative reforms introduced by Sher Shah Suri, one of the most capable rulers of medieval India, who ruled from 1540 to 1545. Although his reign was short, his policies laid a strong foundation for an efficient and organized system of governance. The study highlights his major reforms in central administration, revenue system, military organization, judicial structure, currency, and communication network. Sher Shah Suri established a highly centralized administrative system. He divided his empire into provinces called sarkars, which were further divided into parganas and villages for better management and supervision. Efficient officers were appointed at each level to ensure accountability and reduce corruption. His land revenue reforms were particularly significant. He introduced systematic land measurement and classification based on fertility. Revenue was fixed at a reasonable rate, generally one-third of the produce, and peasants were given written agreements to prevent exploitation. In the military sphere, Sher Shah introduced branding of horses and maintained descriptive records of soldiers to eliminate fraud. He also strengthened law and order by establishing an effective police system and ensuring strict justice. His judicial system treated all subjects equally, regardless of religion or social status. Furthermore, Sher Shah improved trade and communication by constructing roads, most notably the Grand Trunk Road, connecting major regions of his empire. He built inns, wells, and planted trees along highways to facilitate travel and commerce. His introduction of a uniform silver coin, the Rupiya, stabilized the economy and promoted trade. Overall, Sher Shah Suri’s administrative reforms demonstrated foresight, practicality, and fairness. His innovations greatly influenced later Mughal administration, especially under Akbar, and left a lasting impact on Indian governance.

Varsha

The reign of Emperor Ashoka occupies a central position in the political and administrative history of ancient India. While he is widely remembered for his moral transformation after the Kalinga War and his patronage of Buddhism, his administrative reforms deserve equal scholarly attention. The rock and pillar edicts issued during his reign serve as primary historical sources that reveal not only his ethical ideals but also his practical governance strategies. These inscriptions provide valuable insight into provincial administration, bureaucratic organization, judicial policies, welfare measures, and mechanisms of public communication. This paper examines Ashoka’s administrative reforms through a close reading of the edicts and historical interpretations by modern scholars. It argues that Ashoka’s governance was neither weak nor purely religious; rather, it represented a structured attempt to integrate morality with statecraft. His emphasis on accountability, supervision of officials, welfare-oriented policies, and transparent communication through inscriptions reflects a mature and organized administrative system. By analysing these reforms, this study highlights Ashoka’s contribution to the development of ethical governance in early Indian political thought.  

Afreen Khanam

One of the most elaborate and academically complex inscriptions of early historic India is the Prayag Prashasti of Samudragupta, which was written by the court poet Harishena and written on the Allahabad Pillar. The inscription presents an in-depth knowledge of empire, royalty, and political order in the fourth century CE; it is by no means a straightforward royal praise. The Prayag Prashasti is examined in this essay as a political text as well as a historical source. It examines its linguistic choices, diplomatic tactics, religious beliefs, military categories, and narrative structure. This study contends that the Prashasti suggests an empire model based on flexible power rather than strict centralization by placing the inscription within larger historiographical discussions on the establishment of Gupta states. (Sharma 2005; Thapar 2002).  

Sana Aamir

The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate represents a profound watershed in South Asian history, fundamentally altering the political, architectural, and cultural landscape of the Indian subcontinent (Eaton, 2019). This paper examines the critical transitional period of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, focusing specifically on the role of Qutb al-Din Aibak in laying the groundwork for the Slave (Mamluk) Dynasty. Through a comprehensive historiographical analysis and evaluation of geopolitical, military, and administrative strategies, this study investigates how Aibak transitioned from an enslaved military commander to a sovereign ruler. The central argument posits that Aibak was not merely a caretaker of Ghurid conquests but a pragmatic state-builder whose calculated severance of political ties with Central Asia, combined with diplomatic manoeuvring and architectural patronage, forged an independent Indo-Islamic state (Kumar, 2007). By analysing primary source accounts alongside modern historiographical debates, the research demonstrates that Aibak’s brief reign was characterized by acute political realism rather than mere militaristic expansion. Ultimately, the paper concludes that while his successor Iltutmish institutionalized the administrative apparatus of the empire, it was Aibak’s deliberate geopolitical reorientation that made the survival and permanence of the Delhi Sultanate possible.  

Aditi Joshi, Dr Shachee Agnihotri

This report examines the significant contribution of Mahatma Gandhi to social reform in India, focusing on three major areas: the eradication of untouchability, the upliftment of women, and the transformation of rural society. Gandhi believed that political freedom would be meaningless without social justice and moral reconstruction. His approach to reform was rooted in truth, nonviolence, equality, and self-reliance, making social change a central part of the Indian freedom movement. In the struggle against untouchability, Gandhi treated it as a moral crime that weakened Indian society. He referred to the oppressed castes as Harijans (children of God) and worked to restore their dignity. Through campaigns, fasts, public speeches, and personal example, he encouraged people to reject caste discrimination and accept social equality. His efforts led to greater awareness and opened the path for legal and constitutional safeguards for marginalized communities. Gandhi also played a crucial role in the empowerment of women. He challenged traditional restrictions placed on women and encouraged their participation in public life. By involving women in national movements such as Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience, he helped them gain confidence and visibility. Gandhi emphasized education, self-discipline, and economic independence for women, viewing them as equal partners in nation-building. Rural development formed the foundation of Gandhi’s vision for India. He believed that the soul of the nation lived in its villages. Gandhi promoted self-sufficient village economies through khadi, cottage industries, sanitation, basic education, and local governance. He encouraged people to depend on local resources and reduce exploitation. Overall, Gandhi’s social reforms were not limited to laws or institutions; they aimed at transforming individual attitudes and social values. His holistic vision continues to inspire efforts toward equality, dignity, and sustainable development in modern India.  

Vikash Kumar

This study examines the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni (1000–1027 CE) as a coherent programme of imperial expansion rather than a series of isolated raids. Situated within the broader framework of Ghaznavid state-building, the campaigns combined military strategy, economic extraction, political control, and ideological legitimation. Mahmud’s early confrontations with the Hindu Shahi rulers, particularly Jayapala and Anand apala, were central to his objectives, as the destruction of this frontier power opened Punjab to sustained intervention and provided a base for deeper penetration into North India. His army’s mobility, cavalry-centred tactics, and logistical planning gave it decisive advantages over regional forces reliant on infantry and elephants, while winter campaigning reflected calculated adaptation to climatic conditions. Economic motives were fundamental: the plunder of wealthy urban and temple centres such as Mathura, Kanauj, and Somnath financed the Ghaznavid military apparatus and transformed Ghazni into a major political and cultural capital. Yet Mahmud rarely pursued territorial annexation beyond Punjab, preferring tributary arrangements that ensured dominance without administrative burden. Religious rhetoric, reinforced by Abbasid recognition, functioned largely as political legitimation rather than the primary cause of invasion. The socio-political consequences in India were significant. The collapse of frontier states destabilised regional authority, accelerated political fragmentation, and exposed weaknesses in military organisation. Punjab became a militarised frontier integrated into a wider imperial economy, while economic disruptions affected urban centres and temple-based patronage networks. At the same time, new cultural interactions emerged through the spread of Persian administrative practices. Overall, Mahmud’s campaigns reshaped the political landscape of North India and created conditions that facilitated later Turkish expansion. 

Mushirul Haque

The Partition of British India in 1947 remains one of the twentieth century’s most defining geopolitical and humanitarian cataclysms. While traditional historiography often focuses on the high politics of the transfer of power, this paper shifts the analytical lens to the Punjab province, where the bifurcation precipitated a unique and unprecedented demographic rupture.  This paper interrogates the Partition not merely as a constitutional event, but as a prolonged human tragedy characterized by genocidal violence, mass migration, and a complex, often exclusionary, process of state-led rehabilitation. By synthesizing secondary historical literature with analysis of oral histories and literary representations, the paper argues that the "Long Partition" was a process rather than a discrete event, one that fundamentally reshaped notions of citizenship and belonging. It examines the bureaucratic mechanisms of rehabilitation, revealing how the state’s drive for order often marginalized vulnerable groups, particularly Dalits and women. Furthermore, the paper explores the lingering trauma embedded in social memory, contrasting official state narratives of successful resettlement with the affective histories found in literature and survivor testimonies. Ultimately, this study concludes that while the physical rehabilitation of Punjab was a logistical triumph of the post-colonial state, the psychological and social fissures remain unhealed, continuing to influence the region’s socio-political landscape.  

Rinkal Vinzuda, Dr. Dhara R. Doshi, Prof. (Dr.) Yogesh A. Jogsan

The present study aimed to examine attitudes toward home, family, and cultural values among youth. A total sample of 240 youths was selected using a factorial design. The sample comprised 120 males and 120 females. Each gender group was further categorized according to birth order: first-born, middle-born, last-born, and single child, with 30 participants in each birth-order category. Thus, a 2 × 4 factorial design was employed, with gender (male, female) and birth order (first-born, middle-born, last-born, single child) as independent variables. Attitude towards home and family were assessed using the Attitude towards Home and Family Scale developed by Saraswat and Jain. Cultural values were measured using the Cultural Value Scale developed by Bajpai. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the effects of gender and birth order on the study variables. Pearson’s product–moment correlation was also computed to assess the relationship between attitudes toward home and family and cultural values. The results indicated a significant effect of gender and birth order on attitudes toward home, family, and cultural values. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between attitudes toward home and family and cultural values among youth.

Saloni Singh

This essay uses straightforward language to explain the beginnings, development, governance, and fall of the Maratha Empire. The Bhakti movement's influence, the Marathas' strong geographic heritage, and their resistance to Aurangzeb's political and religious policies all contributed to their rise. Shivaji’s leadership was crucial in establishing the framework for a powerful and autonomous Maratha kingdom. He established efficient revenue systems, developed a disciplined army, and established a well-run government. Shivaji's successors, particularly the Peshwas, extended Maratha authority throughout much of India after his passing. The Marathas were once among the nation's most potent political forces. But the empire was weakened by internal strife among the Maratha chiefs, poor leadership following powerful rulers, and the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat. The British East India Company took advantage of this circumstance and fought three Anglo-Maratha Wars before defeating the Marathas in 1818. With this, the Maratha Empire came to an end and British political domination over India began.   

Aditi Panwar

One of the most significant and ancient institutions in human society is marriage. The marriage system has evolved significantly throughout time in response to social, political, cultural and economic shifts. Historically, marriage was associated with survival, procreation, and maintaining the unity of the family or group. Marriage grew increasingly structured and began to be impacted by property, religion, conventions and family traditions as cultures advanced. The majority of weddings in the medieval era were arranged by families. They were associated with social status, caste and class. Because of the patriarchal nature of the society, males held more authority and women had fewer privileges in marriage. Polygamy, child marriage, and prohibitions on widow remarriage were widespread practices. Many damaging behaviors were questioned throughout the colonial era. New laws and social reform movements tried to improve the condition of women and children. Western education introduced ideas such as equality, consent, and personal choice in marriage. In modern times, marriage has changed even more. Love marriages, inter-caste and inter-religious marriages, divorce right and property rights for women are more accepted today. Overall, the marriage system has slowly moved from strict traditional rules to a more flexible and individual-based institution. However, traditions and cultural values still play a significant role in shaping marriage practices today. 

Md Nadimul Haque

This paper investigates the systemic economic dismantling of the Indian subcontinent under British colonial rule, positing that the trajectory of India’s economy from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-twentieth century was defined not by benign neglect or accidental stagnation, but by an active, predatory restructuring designed to serve metropolitan interests. By employing a revisionist historiographical lens, this study examines the transition from the mercantilist plunder of the East India Company to the institutionalised extraction of the British Raj. The analysis scrutinises the imposition of rigid land revenue systems—specifically the Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari frameworks—which commodified land and pauperised the peasantry. Furthermore, the paper explores the forced commercialisation of agriculture, the calculated deindustrialisation of indigenous handicrafts through discriminatory trade tariffs, and the controversial role of infrastructure projects like the railways, which are re-evaluated here as efficient conduits for resource extraction rather than tools of domestic development. Central to this inquiry is the "Drain of Wealth" theory, analysing the mechanisms by which capital was siphoned from the periphery to the core. This paper concludes that the British imperial project in India constituted a comprehensive system of economic retardation, replacing a self-sustaining pre-colonial economy with a dependent, agrarian satellite, thereby structurally engineering the famines and poverty that characterised the era.

Biplab Dasadhikari

The introduction of the None of the Above (NOTA) option in India in 2013 marked a significant moment in the evolution of Indian electoral democracy. Recognized by the Supreme Court in People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (2013), NOTA institutionalized the “right to reject” and expanded the expressive dimension of the franchise. Yet, more than a decade after its implementation, debates persist regarding its substantive relevance. Is NOTA a meaningful expansion of electoral choice, or merely a symbolic reform without institutional consequence? This article examines the democratic significance of NOTA through a theoretical and empirical lens, with special reference to the State of West Bengal between 2013 and 2024.The study adopts a mixed-method descriptive-analytical approach. Secondary data from the Election Commission of India covering Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly elections (2016, 2021, and 2024) are analyzed through margin comparison, cross-tabulation, and turnout correlation. Particular attention is paid to constituencies where NOTA votes exceeded the margin of victory, thereby raising questions about representational legitimacy. The analysis is grounded in democratic theory, drawing upon John Stuart Mill’s defense of dissent and minority voice, as well as contemporary scholarship on protest voting and institutional design. The findings suggest that NOTA in West Bengal functions primarily as a conscious act of political dissent rather than apathy or confusion. In several constituencies, the number of NOTA votes surpassed the winning margin, indicating a structured pattern of dissatisfaction. However, the absence of enforceable institutional consequences renders NOTA largely symbolic. While it strengthens expressive democracy by recognizing negative choice, it fails to translate voter rejection into accountability or reform. The article argues that this tension reflects a broader contradiction within Indian electoral democracy: symbolic inclusion without substantive responsiveness. The study concludes that NOTA has normative and diagnostic value but limited transformative impact. For NOTA to contribute meaningfully to democratic legitimacy, institutional reforms-such as threshold-based re-election provisions or mandatory party accountability mechanisms-must be considered. West Bengal’s electoral experience demonstrates that the debate on NOTA is not merely procedural but central to the future of representative democracy in India.