Sukhen Baidya

This research explores the profound resurgence of Kautilyan realism in contemporary Indian foreign policy during Modi Era . As India navigates a polarized and uncertain global order, it has pivoted from a traditional stance of "Strategic Hesitation" toward a proactive "India First" approach. Utilizing Kautilya’s Chaturvidha Upaya as a primary theoretical framework, the study examines how modern statecraft synthesizes ancient wisdom with 21st-century "Smart Power" to achieve strategic autonomy.The analysis demonstrates that Sama is manifested through cultural branding and Digital Public Infrastructure, establishing India as a "Civilizational State." Dana has evolved into robust developmental partnerships and "Vaccine Maitri," positioning India as a reliable "First Responder" and the voice of the Global South. Bheda facilitates a sophisticated "Multi-alignment" strategy, allowing India to maintain a delicate balance between competing major powers while protecting its national interest. Finally, Danda underpins these diplomatic efforts with a credible hard-power deterrence, exemplified by proactive defense measures such as Operation Sindoor and the technological advancement of the nuclear triad.The research further provides a critical evaluation of this "Neo-Kautilyan" era, comparing ancient realist tactics with the constraints of modern international law and democratic values. It concludes that India’s quest for "Leading Power" status is driven by a unique moral and strategic synthesis, proving that Kautilyan principles remain the eternal DNA of India's strategic thinking. By 2026, this integration of ancient pragma and modern diplomacy has established India as an indispensable and stabilizing force in a multipolar world.

Dr. Dipankar Das and Dr. Indrani Nath

Every individual is born unique, possessing distinct abilities and potential. Education, as a fundamental human right, forms the cornerstone of a balanced, stable, healthy, and harmonious society. It empowers individuals, strengthens communities, and nurtures the values necessary for collective progress. Recognizing its significance, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE Act, 2009) was enacted by the Government of India to ensure equitable access to quality education for all children. Inclusive education envisions a system where every learner—irrespective of socio-economic background, gender, ability, or cultural differences—is welcomed into regular schools without discrimination. It promotes an educational environment rooted in equity, diversity, mutual respect, trust, and empathy. Such an environment not only supports academic growth but also nurtures emotional intelligence, positive attitudes, social skills, and a spirit of cooperation. By valuing each learner’s individuality, inclusive education enables students to realize their dreams and contribute meaningfully to society. An inclusive society is built when all its members are given equal opportunities to participate in civic, social, economic, and political life at local, national, and global levels. A truly happy society is one where people feel respected, valued, and trusted, and where their basic needs are met with dignity. Education plays a transformative role in achieving this vision. It expands human horizons, empowers marginalized and differently-abled individuals, and provides the tools necessary for self-reliance and social participation. Quality inclusive education, therefore, serves as the foundation of a dynamic, equitable, and compassionate society. As Nelson Mandela wisely stated, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” By embracing inclusive education, we take a meaningful step toward building a world that is not only educated, but also just, peaceful, and truly happy.

Mintu Jana, Mrs Taniya Roy, Dr. Dipak Bisai

This research paper explores the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent national lockdowns on the informal economy and hospitality sector in New Digha, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal. As a premier coastal tourism hub, New Digha's economy is heavily dependent on a vast network of informal traders and hotel workforces. The study employs a case study approach to analyze the vulnerabilities of these groups, focusing on shifts in income, employment status, and livelihood strategies during and after the lockdown period. The research utilizes primary survey data collected from various informal participants, including stall owners, street traders, and hotel employees. Geographic analysis was supported by Land Use Land Cover (LULC) mapping and Slope mapping to understand the physical and functional morphology of the study area. Economic Loss: Approximately 52.85% of informal traders reported significant income loss, while 21.42% faced the double burden of income loss and product expiration. Informal Sector Composition: The informal market in New Digha is dominated by food shops (35.71%) and shopping/accessories stalls (41.42%), with the majority of traders (57.14%) earning a monthly income between ?1,000 and ?10,000. Hotel Industry Impact: Most hotels in the region remained closed for 12–16 months. This led to a sharp decrease in the workforce; while many workers originated from West Bengal (42.85%) and Odisha (34.28%), a significant portion of the staff resigned due to salary issues or to seek better job facilities elsewhere. Livelihood Shifts: During the lockdown, 60% of respondents were unable to find any work, while others temporarily shifted to manual labor (25.71%) or agriculture (11.42%) for survival. Lack of Support: Notably, the study found that 100% of the surveyed informal traders reported receiving no financial assistance from the government during the crisis. The findings highlight the extreme fragility of the tourism-dependent informal sector. The paper emphasizes the need for sustainable tourism development and policy interventions to provide a safety net for unorganized workers to mitigate the impact of future economic shocks.

Dr. Prosanta Kumar Mondal

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 heralds a transformative shift in India’s education landscape, placing teacher education at its core. Recognizing teachers as pivotal agents of change, NEP 2020 proposes comprehensive reforms aimed at overhauling teacher preparation, professional development, curriculum, assessment, and quality assurance. This paper critically examines the vision, key components, strengths, limitations, and implementation challenges of teacher education reforms under NEP 2020. It also maps the implications of these reforms for policy, institutions, teacher educators, and pre-service and in-service teachers. Finally, it offers recommendations to strengthen execution and ensure that the reforms meaningfully contribute to building a competent, reflective, and innovative teacher workforce.

Dr. S. Suryavati

Folk songs are a vivid literary expression of the natural experiences of everyday life. They convey various human emotions such as love, humor, sorrow, courage, fear, and devotion. Through these emotions, the nine rasas—such as Smgara  (romantic), Karuna (pathos), Vira (heroic), Hasya  (comic), and Raudra (furious)—are expressed in a natural and simple manner. The simple language of folk songs makes the experience of rasa more powerful and immediate. The nine rasas lend emotional depth and cultural significance to folk songs. Thus, folk songs serve as strong carriers of the rasa tradition in Indian folk literature.

Arobindra Borah1 & Gitashree Saikia2

Fungal biodeterioration is among the most persistent risks to paper-based heritage in libraries. Cellulose-degrading and xerophilic molds—including species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Rhizopus, Mucor, Chaetomium, and Trichoderma—discolor, stain, weaken, and ultimately fragment paper and bindings. This review summarizes (i) the main fungal taxa implicated in library settings, (ii) environmental drivers and their control, (iii) current detection and risk-assessment methods (culture-dependent, ATP bioluminescence, and molecular surveys), and (iv) evidence-based preventive strategies aligned with ISO 11799:2024 storage requirements. We highlight the growing role of rapid and nondestructive diagnostics and holistic indoor air monitoring for early warning and risk management.  

Dr. Sushanta Ghosh

Haishankar Jaladash one of the eminent author in the modern Bangladeshi Bengali literature .Also he was the founder of sea-centric modern Bengali literature. After Manik Bondyopadhyay he is a successor of boatman’s life history writer.He was born in a very poor and subaltern Jaladas community. By profession he was a boatman and fisherman at the earlier life but at later period he taken education from village school and admitted to college and Chattogram University and done his education upto doctorate degree. Thereafter he joined in Government service as an Assistant professor in Chitgoan Government College and take position up to Principal post. He composed many novels and short stories, where he drawing his own subaltern community, its status and position in modern concepts. He won several prizes from several authorities for his literary work. In this article we analysis his life and work in short form.  

Archana Barman, Pampa Roi, Aparna Debnath

Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other threemajor coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.  

Dr.Rangina Basumata

Every country possesses natural and human resources in varying proportions. Economic development refers to process of utilizing these resources for achieving higher standards of living for the people of the country. It is natural for each generation of people to aspite for a higher standard of living than what their parents were capable of, and to hope for even better standards for their children. Economists have been studying the changes in human nature that facilitate the momentum for economic growth and development.Although the terms are used interchangeably, a distinction is often made between economic growth and economic development. Economic growth refers to increase in output, while economic  development also suggests improvements in the quality of goods produced, the way production is organized and ultimately in improvements in the quality of life. All these factors together are known as structural changes. Thus, growth is a quantitative concept which can be measured; development is qualitative in nature and cannot be easily measured.Economic growth of a country is conventionally measured as percentage increase in gross domestic product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP) during one year. Economic growth can be either extensive or intensive. In the former, the economy uses more of its natural and human resources and grows, while in intensive growth, the economy uses its existing resources more efficiently.  

Dr.Rafakul Noor, Dr.Nasim Aktar Denish

The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. From the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has been a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues from welfare to development. In recent years, the empowerment of women has been recognized as the central issue in determining the status of women. The National Commission for Women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women. The 73rd and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution of India have provided for reservation of seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women, laying a strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels.  

Mrs.Sutapa Dutta and Mr.Parambrata Ghosh

Dhaniakhali block, with its non-municipal headquarter at Dhaniakhali, is one of the eighteen blocks of Hooghly district of West Bengal. It is highly famous for its cotton handloom products. It is very difficult to find out the exact time span of origin of the industry in this block, but it is clear that it has very old and strong culture heritage. A large number of people belonging to specific weaver caste known as ‘Tantubay’ in Bengal, live in Dhaniakhali and its surrounding villages. They are efficiently conducting the mechanism of this heritage craft. The weavers are presently engaged under different co-operative societies from where they collect raw materials for weaving and deposit the finished products to the co-operative societies in exchange of wages. These handloom products are distributed in local markets, all over India and abroad. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to bring in light several aspects related with the growth of the industry. At the same time this paper tries to highlight the problems and related with the industry.  

Dr. Sandipan Talukdar and Mr.Anirudha Hazra

World is striving to advance technologically and in an eco friendly way. These changes are now being witnessed in first, second and in third world countries also. But there are some people who also live in these worlds without caring for this progress. They live in the world of their own. They are misfit to these everchanging worlds. They are ‘nomads’, the bohemians cling to their own lifestyle not at all caring for future. Today is only important to them but tomorrow. Tomorrow is left for tomorrow.In the long past they had ancestral homes, good arable lands, but in course of time they were stripped of their hearth and home, forced to move to unfriendly infertile land by superior race. As such they found it difficult to continue living there and left it to eke out living elsewhere and become ‘nomads’ Nomads are found in many countries of the world. They are also found in many states of India viz. Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal etc. in West Bengal nomads of different origin are also found. These people never stay permanently anywhere. They live in open air or somehow made ‘Jhopries’, by the side of railway tracts, dilapidated buildings, outside of villages etc I.e. far from the madding crowd. They eke out living of anything I.e. sometime as agricultural laborers, performing black art, i.e. magic, tight rope walking, and circus tricks, as snake charmer etc.  

Dipayan Das and Suman Sarkar

Most likely the fist coin of India was minted just before 5th century BCE in northern and central India. The earliest coins of India are commonly known as Punch-marked coins. As the name suggests, these coins bear the symbol of various types, punched on metal pieces of specific size and weight. Issued initially by merchant Guilds and later by States, the coins represented a trade currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development. They are broadly classified into two periods: the first period (attributed to the Janapadas or small local states) and the second period (attributed to the Imperial Mauryan period). The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols. In this write up we shall discuss the origin, growth and development of Punch marked coins in Indian Subcontinent in ancient times.  

V.M. Ravi Kumar

Environmental history offers systematic documentation of human environmental relationship in the past. Fascinating literature on environmental history has been produced in the last three decades in India. This articles attempts to propose a historiographical review of this new frontier of historical inquiry. Three of the following aspects are highlighted: core areas covered under environmental history: broad trends that are used in structuring environmental history and further prospects to explore ecological dimension of India history.  

Biplab Mohanta Biswas

In brief it is mainly a discussion on the tribal and non-tribal structure of society of the state of Sambalpur. Within this social hierarchy, the Chauhans stood first, followed by various tribal groups like the Binjhals, Kondh, and Sahara etc. The Chauhans maintained a balance of relationship within their tribal population. They created all possible conveniences to attract people of the higher social groups from outside to settle in their kingdom. To arrive at a definite historical conclusion as to how the social structure was designed by the Chauhans of Sambalpur, the author of the article consulted the only contemporary as well as authentic Sanskrit courtly chronicle of sixteenth century, ‘Kosalananda Kavyam’, the eighteenth century authentic Lariya courtly chronicle ‘Jaya Chandrika’and other vernacular sources of seventeenth century such as ‘Sasisena Kavya’, ‘Sambala Mansa’. Nineteenth century British accounts are used adequately as well. This paper is an attempt at providing certain observations on the social structure of western Orissa under the Chauhans of Sambalpur during sixteenth to eighteenth century.

Ranju Rani Barman

Perception of environmental resources is one of the key factors in development of material culture of the people. The natural environment has opened up a number of elements and possibilities to convert them as resources. Sometimes a single object may have multiple resource possibilities and their utilization as resource depends upon the applied knowledge and experience of the people. The physical environment of the study area of the state of Orissa has created immense scope of marine resource development. Fishing is one of the most important resource processes in the state. Here three different types of fishing namely, marine fishing, brackish fishing and inland fishing have developed. Both inland fishing and brackish fishing have been developed by the Oriya people of the state whereas marine fishing in the state has been developed by the migrant people of Telugu community. Herein the role of perception is the key factor in the growth of resource processing. In the present paper, the role of perception in evolution of marine fishing in the study area is studied with the background of physical resource potentialities, difficulties and prospects of other resource processes. The degree and magnitude of influence of perception on the material culture of fishermen of Orissa has also been taken into consideration in this paper.  

Mehebub Hassan

Suantaks are one of the communities of chin-kuki-mizo, who belonged to the mongolian stock of tibeto-burman race. These people ore mostly found in the north-east India and chin-hills in Myanmar. They are not the smallest community of chi-kuki-mizos, but no research work has been done in this community so far. This paper is a part of a research paper, which is an attempt to explore the culture and tradition the people which remained unearth till toady. This paper will focus the uniqueness and distinction of the culture and tradition of the suantaks from the other communities by giving comparative analysis.  

Dr.Narasingha Narayan, Mr.Akash Dasgupta

UnderTIIndian Constitution, ‘social security and social insurance’ falls under the Concurrent List (List III, item 23). Article 41 of the Constitution (Directive Principles of State Policy) lays down that ‘The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want’. Article 42 provides for securing ‘just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief’, and Article 43 enjoins upon the State to secure ‘to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work, ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities’. In this paper we evaluate the welfare scheme of government as well as development.  

Debashish Kundu and Sandipan Das, Siddan Patwa

Successful agriculture operation in West Bengal however, is still being dependent on the single most dominant climatic parameters i.e. rainfall. But even that rainfall though copious, is characterized by seasonal concentration, uncertainty and variability. The ground water resource of any territory is significant from two considerations. One of them is utilization in irrigating crops and another is for drinking water. In our analysis the focus of attention is on the compares the irrigation condition and growth within one decade in jalpaiguri district.    

Subhash Chandra Gagoi

In preponderance of the cases the ongoing development model propelled by the market forces often goes against the interest of the very section of people that sacrifice their hearth and home for economic development of the nation. In order to throw light on the inadequacy of the state’s resettlement and rehabilitation policy measures for the people affected by the modern development projects and their social and ecological consequences on the livelihood of the ecosystem people, the paper attempts to make a critical analysis of the present state of living of the families displaced during 1950s and 1960s by three public sector steel plants in India. The findings are based on primary data collected by the author through fieldwork in the three steel cities and their peripheries during 2007-08.  

Sankar Biswas and Molla Nasim Ali

Dispossession and forced separation of a section of people from the means of production are inextricably associated with state-led economic development. In an inherited post-colonial development paradigm, a ‘top down’ approach followed in India excluded the people living at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder as equal partners who with respect to rising ‘mainstream’ material expectations experience ‘dispossession’ by displacement. Radicalism based on this ground reality, a consequence of uneven development across social and economic categories and across regions, becomes a corollary that concerns both the state and the civil society. Rather than withdrawing from the system that evolved and got fractured over time, the paper opines, the state has to play a key role in development the beginning and base of which has to be to take into confidence the marginalized sections of the society like the tribal people, the downtrodden, and the poor as dignified and equal partners.  

Mr. Sandip Panna

Urbanization means the growth of the number and size of the towns and the spreading of quality of life in towns. Naturally the growth and development is infrastructural development etc.). Primary target is to demonstrate the connection between urbanization and rural development. Urbanization is closely connected to regional development. There is no only one viable (universal) regional development trend. Sustainable development is one of the most important types of them. Lots of sign shows that certain parts of urbanization process could not be part of sustainable Development. Success of sustainable development in urbanization process depends on the relationship between towns and their rural territory different in several parts of the world. on the other hand the urbanization is not only effect to towns. It has also an effect on rural region. Several attendant Phenomenon belong to the urbanization (economic development, rural development.  

Dr.Tarun Sikdar and Mr.Sharmistha Ghosh

Jalpaiguri is one of the most backward districts of west Bengal where poverty is a barrier to development. Generally poverty is measured by Below Poverty Line (BPL) indices in rural areas. Below poverty line is an economic bench mark and poverty threshold used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. Poverty refers to the condition of not having the means to afford basic human need such as clean water, nutrition care, clothing and shelter. This paper is attempted to study the poverty status with some remedial measures.